Ozkonak Underground City

Ozkonak Underground City is a unique, ancient underground caves establishment located near the village of Özkonak, approximately 15 kilometers north of Avanos. It extends down 11 floors, but only four are currently open to the public. A unique aspect of this UNESCO site is the presence of small holes, about 5 cm wide, above passageways. Notably, one of Cappadocia's largest stone doors, nearly 2 meters tall, is located here.

The first floor served as an animal barn, with a doorway connecting it to other rooms. Visitors will find a variety of features common to Cappadocian underground cities, including a water well, ventilation system, wine presses, and large rolling stone doors. There are small holes above the passageways that could have been used for communication or to pour boiling oil on intruders. The city's sophisticated ventilation system ensured that air circulated effectively, making it possible for residents to live underground for extended periods. The underground city features churches and religious schools, evidence of the Christian Byzantine influence. 

The origins of Özkonak Underground City are believed to date back to around the 4th century BCE. However, it was during the Byzantine era, specifically in the 600s and 700s, that the city was extensively developed and fortified. This period was marked by frequent Arab incursions, prompting the Byzantines to create secure hideouts. Though its exact age remains uncertain, it is likely that the settlement was expanded over generations by various inhabitants.